Minggu, 20 November 2011
Past Perfect Tense
16.47 | Diposting oleh
Vadi Orino |
Past Perfect Tense mirip dengan Present Perfect Tense hanya beda di waktunya saja. Penekannya pada PERFECT-nya itu atau usainya itu.
Rumus Past Perfect Tense Positif: S + had + V3 Negatif: S + had + not + V3 Tanya: Had + S + V3
Penggunaan Past Perfect Tense
1. Kegiatan yang terselesaikan sebelum sesuatu di masa lalu
Past Perfect menyatakan ide bahwa sesuatu yang terjadi sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu. Hal ini juga dapat menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lalu.
Contoh:
- I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
- I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
- Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
2. Gurasu sebelum sesuatu di masa lalu (Non-Continuous Verbs)
Dengan Non-Continuous Verbs dan beberapaNon-Continuous menggunakan Kata Kerja Campuran, kita menggunakan Past Perfect untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu yang dimulai di masa lalu dan terus sampai tindakan lain di masa lalu.
Contoh:
- We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
- By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
- They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Meskipun penggunaan di atas Past Perfect biasanya terbatas pada Non-Continuous Verbs dan Non-Continuous menggunakan Kata Kerja Campuran, kata-kata "live," "work," "teach," dan "study" kadang-kadang digunakan dengan cara ini meskipun mereka TIDAK Non-kontinu Verbs.
PENTING: Waktu tertentu dengan Past Perfect
Berbeda dengan Present Perfect, adalah mungkin untuk menggunakan kata-kata waktu tertentu atau frase dengan Past Perfect. Meskipun hal ini mungkin, ini biasanya tidak diperlukan.
Contoh:
- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
Jika tindakan Past Perfect itu terjadi pada waktu tertentu, Simple Past dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti Past Perfect ketika "before" atau "after" digunakan dalam kalimat. Kata-kata "before" dan "after" sebenarnya memberitahu Anda apa yang terjadi pertama, sehingga Past Perfect adalah opsional. Untuk alasan ini, kedua kalimat di bawah ini adalah benar.
Contoh:
- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
- She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
Jika Past Perfect tidak mengacu pada suatu tindakan pada waktu tertentu, Past Perfect tidak opsional. Bandingkan contoh di bawah ini. Past Perfect di sini adalah merujuk pada kurangnya pengalaman daripada suatu tindakan pada waktu tertentu. Untuk alasan ini, masa lalu Sederhana tidak dapat digunakan.
Contoh:
- She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
- She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
Penempatan Adverb
Contoh di bawah ini menunjukkan penempatan untuk tata bahasa adverb seperti: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Contoh:
- You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
- Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
AKTIF/PASIF
Contoh:
- George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Active
- Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. Passive
Kesalahan yang paling umum dengan past perfect
| When I was young, I had been a cowboy. When I was young, I was a cowboy. | (Incorrect) (Tidak ada referensi untuk peristiwa lain) (Correct) |
| Yesterday the Johnsons had opened their new business. Yesterday the Johnsons opened their new business. | (Incorrect) (Correct) |
Dalam beberapa kasus yang sangat tidak biasa, past perfect tense dapat merujuk pada aksi masa lalu kedua.
Before I had finished my homework, the telephone rang.
(Telepon berbunyi sebelum saya menyelesaikan PR saya.)